Understanding Self-Harm in Adults: Causes, Effects, and Effective Treatments

What Is Self-Harm?

Self-harm, also known as Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI), refers to intentionally causing physical harm to oneself without the intent of suicide. Common types include cutting, burning, or hitting oneself. This behavior often serves as a coping mechanism for dealing with intense emotions, emotional pain, or feelings of worthlessness.

Why Do Adults Engage in Self-Harm?

Adults who self-harm may experience a mix of emotions and mental health difficulties. Common self-harm motivations include:

• Relief from feelings of emotional distress.
• A sense of control in overwhelming life situations.
• Temporary relief from negative feelings like anxiety or depression.
• Coping with internal feelings related to past trauma, such as emotional or sexual abuse.

Risk Factors for Adult Self-Harm

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of self-harm behaviors, including:

• Mental health conditions like borderline personality disorder, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders.
• Adverse childhood events, such as childhood sexual abuse or emotional abuse.
• Poor impulse control and intense emotions.
• Personality disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
• Life situations that trigger severe emotional distress.
• Previous self-harm history or a family history of mental health issues.

The Connection Between Self-Harm and Mental Health

Self-harm is often linked to mental health conditions. It can be a sign of mental illness, including mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or borderline personality disorder. These conditions often involve feelings of worthlessness, emotional distress, and a lack of healthy coping skills.

Physical and Emotional Effects of Self-Harm

Self-harm behaviors can lead to both physical and emotional consequences:

• Physical damage: Severe injuries, nerve damage, and permanent scars.
• Medical complications: Increased risk of infection, medical emergencies, and physical illness.
• Emotional pain: Persistent feelings of guilt, shame, and emotional distress.

Understanding Self-Harm Rates

Research indicates that self-harm rates are high among adults experiencing intense emotions or mental distress. A qualitative study on adult participants found that a significant proportion of people engaged in self-harm as a coping mechanism. Factors like interpersonal difficulty and feelings of worthlessness often contributed to these behaviors.

How Mental Health Professionals Address Self-Harm

Effective treatment for self-harm involves a combination of approaches, including:

1. Behavioral Therapy: Therapies like dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) help develop healthy coping skills and reduce impulsive behaviors.
2. Interpersonal Therapy: This focuses on improving relationships and addressing interpersonal difficulty.
3. Medical Care: Treating physical harm, such as nerve damage or severe injuries, is crucial.
4. Mental Health Counseling: Regular counseling sessions address underlying mental health issues.
5. Safety Plans: Developing a care plan or safety plan helps manage triggers and reduce the risk of future self-harm behaviors.

Coping Mechanisms to Prevent Self-Harm

Learning healthy coping skills can provide alternatives to self-injurious behavior. Strategies include:

• Practicing mindfulness and relaxation techniques.
• Engaging in physical activities like exercise.
• Using creative outlets such as writing or drawing.
• Seeking support from a mental health professional or joining support groups.

The Importance of Seeking Help

If you or someone you know is engaging in self-harm, seeking proper treatment is vital. Contacting a health care provider or mental health team can lead to effective treatment options, such as behavioral therapy or mental health counseling. Emergency department visits may be necessary for severe injuries or medical complications.

Final Thoughts

Self-harm is a serious issue that affects the quality of life for many adults. Addressing the root causes and seeking mental health care are essential steps to recovery. If you are experiencing self-harm behaviors, reach out to a mental health professional or health care provider for support and proper treatment. Visit SAMHSA or contact us today for more information.

FAQs About Self-Harm in Adults

1. What are the common types of self-harm? Common types include cutting, burning, scratching, and hitting oneself. These behaviors often provide temporary relief from difficult emotions or emotional distress.

2. Can self-harm lead to suicide? While self-harm is typically not a suicide attempt, it increases the risk of suicide over time. It’s crucial to address self-harm behaviors to prevent escalation.

3. How do mental health professionals treat self-harm? Mental health professionals use treatments like dialectical behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, and behavioral therapy. They may also address underlying conditions such as borderline personality disorder or depressive disorder.

4. Are there long-term effects of self-harm? Yes, long-term effects include permanent scars, medical complications, and emotional pain. Seeking mental health care early can prevent lasting damage.

5. What resources are available for adults who self-harm? Resources include mental health services, hotlines, social services, and support groups. The National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Mental Health provide additional information and guidance.